In order to assess how strong the correlation between definiteness and givenness of the antecedent is, Table 3 shows the percentages of given and new uses for each definiteness category of the antecedent NP. Zoomalia.com, l'animalerie en ligne au meilleur prix. Participants’ continuations were coded according to which type of pronoun (p- or d-pronoun) they chose to refer to the underlined entity of the previous sentence. Journal of Memory and Language 68 (3): 255-278. Frollein, was tragen Sie denn? 11The context sentence in [4a] is either a subject-initial or a subject-final sentence. Witchsister Photography. / Schwerer als der Tisch ist der Schrank. Kehler, A. This does not exclude that the same factors are at work in spoken as in written language. 1996. For example, in order to help the hearer, a speaker who wants to refer back to the subject in an object-before-subject sentence could either use a p-pronoun (because p-pronouns prefer a subject antecedent) or a d-pronoun (because d-pronouns prefer a sentence final antecedent). 2010. As witnessed by the example, this did not prevent the writer from using a d-pronoun for referring to the former German chancellor. Excluded from the analysis are thus object pronouns in general and subject pronouns occurring in the so-called middlefield of a German sentence5. Table 2. Mimikry Berlin. The next section gives an overview of prior research concerned with p- and d-pronouns in German. Use our interactive store locator to search our 5,000+ locally owned stores to easily find the one nearest you. An important question is therefore whether ambiguity affects the choice between p-pronoun and d-pronoun. 2018 - Soyez à l'affût des tendances mode en optant pour une coloration de cheveux prune! An explanation may be postulated when the continuation describes a cause or reason of the event pictured in the context sentence. Percentages of given vs. new, subject vs. non-subject, and non-final vs. final antecedent NPs, for possessive pronouns as antecedents and for antecedents of possessive pronouns. Das Kevelaerer Blatt, genannt „Kävels Bläche“, ist die älteste lokale Zeitung am Niederrhein. When the number of mentions was higher than one, the antecedent was preceded by further mentions of the pronoun’s referent. As the dependent variable, we took proportions of the choice of the d-pronoun. They found 1,436 p-pronouns and 180 d-pronouns. Here, all three properties show about the same ratio of ca. Vehicle classification . Er schubste ihn dabei mehrmals. However, prior research has demonstrated that the use of definite NPs without a textual antecedent is quite common. 25 continuations had to be excluded from our analysis: they either started with a definite full lexical NP (n = 5), the alternative demonstrative pronoun dieser/diese/dieses (n = 1), an inanimate referent mentioned in the context instead of the intended referent (n = 5), or a neuter pronoun (das [that]/es [it]; n = 7). Section 5 will discuss the results presented in Sections 3 and 4 with regard to factors going beyond accessibility. With 69.2%, the value that we found is only slightly higher. We also would like to thank the two reviewers, who provided us with many intriguing comments. For example, when the antecedent is itself a pronoun, it must be given, that is, it must be preceded by some non-pronominal NP in the prior discourse. Unless there is a random choice of pronoun form in contexts lacking competing referents, the speaker needs an absolute decision rule, that is, a decision rule that only considers the properties of the single referent under consideration. 4Arnold (2010) lists three properties of a referent that contribute to its accessibility: recency, givenness, and syntactic prominence. 89This paper has presented a corpus study and a production experiment investigating the choice between p-pronoun and d-pronoun in German. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. A journal of linguistics, psycholinguistics and computational linguistics. Mannheim: Dudenverlag. In the configuration used by all prior studies (clause-initial given referent, clause-final new referent), Bader and Portele (2015) found again that p-pronouns prefer subjects as antecedents whereas d-pronouns preferentially refer back to referents that are new and occur in clause-final position. These expressions can be ordered on a scale of explicitness, ranging from fully reduced pronouns (null pronouns) to full lexical noun phrases (NPs). Feb 16, 1895-d. Aug 15, 1973-s/o Burd M. & Alice (Siders)-h/o Blanche W. (Fry) Sec B. HAFFNER, ANANIS D.-b. A simplified version of this referential scale is shown in [1] (see Ariel [2001] for the complete scale). Ahrenholz, B. 2018 - Soyez à l'affût des tendances mode en optant pour une coloration de cheveux prune! Oct 20, 2013 - This Pin was discovered by Lone Hardiker. Table 6. 2003. In the majority of all cases (73.0%), the d-pronoun refers to a referent that has been mentioned only once in the preceding context. Duden, richtiges und gutes Deutsch: Wörterbuch der sprachlichen Zweifelsfälle. More important than the absolute success rates is what we learn by taking a closer look at the cases where the accessibility-based criterion fails. When the fitted probability values were converted into binary choices between p- and d-pronoun, the mean success rate was 96.0 (range: 94.9%-97.5%). Our analysis was phrased in terms of accessibility theory (Ariel, 1990), which has been fruitfully applied before to the interpretation of p- and d-pronouns. 1993. Kaiser and Trueswell (2008) obtained the same pattern that was found for German – a subject preference for the Finnish p-pronoun and a preference for the final, new NP for the Finnish d-pronoun. 66In the first sentence, an individual was introduced using a proper name or indefinite NP. In contexts that provide only one grammatically suitable referent for the pronoun, DPro and PPro occur in free variation, and without any semantic difference. I'm Sandra Lee, MD, aka Dr Pimple Popper, a board-certified dermatologist, skin cancer surgeon, and cosmetic surgeon, who is a regular guest dermatologist on various TV shows. All examples were checked and erroneous examples were removed from the sample. As a consequence, the logistic regression model overpredicted the use of the p-pronoun, which resulted in a low success rate for the d-pronoun. 82Starting with p-pronouns, consider first antecedents with an accessibility value of 0, that is, final objects that are new to the prior discourse. ‘Maria visited a circus on Sunday. The results for givenness defined in this way and the two syntactic prominence properties of syntactic function and clausal position are shown in Table 2. ‘The classmate teased a boy, who was wearing an oversized cap. The fact that p-pronoun antecedents were given only 97% of the time is due to restricting the prior context to five sentences. Witchsister Photography. 39This section presents the results of the individual properties that were defined above. 2A large body of cross-linguistic research (for an overview, see Arnold, 2010) has shown that the position of an expression on the referential form scale correlates with discourse properties of its antecedent. Naauwkeurige beschryving der aardgewassen : waar in de veelerley aart en bijzondere eigenschappen der boomen, heesters, kruyden, bloemen, met haare vrugten, zaden, wortelen en bollen, neevens derzelver waare voort-teeling, gelukkige aanwinning, en heylzaame genees-krachten : na een veel-jarige oeffening en eigen ondervinding, in drie onderscheide boeken, naauwkeuriglijk beschreeven worden Vehicle classification . p-pronoun: personal pronouns including possessive pronouns; d-pronoun: demonstrative pronouns used without a following noun; proper name: personal names, place names and names of companies; definite NP: nouns preceded by a definite article, a demonstrative article, a possessive determiner or a strong quantifier; indefinite NP: bare nouns, generic nouns and nouns preceded by a weak quantifier or an indefinite article; (corpus = “DeWaC-6” text = “496753” id = “, Syntactic function: -subject, Antecedent of possessive pronoun. Table 8. Snacks à base de pain - le pain dans tous ces états. The results show a preference for the subject referent when hearing the p-pronoun er. [C -2] The only one finding words for this feeling is, (corpus = “DeWaC-7” text = “659508” id = “, (corpus = “DeWaC-9” text = “862984” id = “, [C -4] Der Zoll hat einen Briten mit 30 Kilo Marihuana im Gepäck festgenommen. Van Bergen, G. & Swart, P. de 2010. The LehramtsNavi (teacher training navigation system) and Career Service’s programme of Sie wurde 1879 gegründet Baroni, M., Bernardini, S., Ferraresi, A. First, two different corpora were investigated. The main corpus thus contains 417 instances of the p-pronoun and 430 instances of the d-pronoun. As discussed above, p-pronouns prefer antecedents that have the syntactic function of subject whereas d-pronouns prefer the least accessible referent as antecedent. Nous voudrions effectuer une description ici mais le site que vous consultez ne nous en laisse pas la possibilité. 57As pointed out above, the sample sizes for the p-pronoun and the d-pronoun do not reflect the ratio that is found in the “DeWaC” corpus. EDNA International – votre partenaire compétent pour des produits boulangers surgelés de haute qualité. [C -2] The company will be 10 years old and the ball room of the Ritz-Carlton is just sufficient for congratulations. 88A p-pronoun could also have been used in the examples in [18] and [19], but this would have put less emphasis on the referent. Accessing Noun-Phrase Antecedents. For each sentence, the preceding context was also retrieved, limited to five sentences. This leaves us with the finding that though the p-pronoun er is biased to subject antecedents, it is also easily used for referring back to objects. All statistical analyses reported here and later were computed using the statistics software R, version 3.2.3 (R Development Core Team, 2015). For the p-pronoun, a local competitor is present in 35.7% of all cases. KTvanStone. In all conditions, a minority of the sentences contains a d-pronoun. Nous présentons une étude de corpus et une expérience de production qui examinent le choix entre deux types de pronoms en allemand écrit, à savoir les pronoms personnels et les « d-pronoms ». ZAS Papers in Linguistics 48. Thus, sentences with an initial p-pronoun occurred about 23 times more often than sentences with a d-pronoun. Computational Linguistics 21 (2): 203-225. Sie ist auch 15 Jahre alt. Recency refers to the number of sentences that have been produced since the last mention of the referent. [C -4] Apropos, ‘Together the three of us flew to Athens. The other way round, a referent that has not been mentioned recently will not be in an active state and more explicit means will be needed to refer to such a referent. Cher client, Nous sommes navrés d'apprendre que vous rencontriez des difficultés avec vos nouvelles télécommande. your own Pins on Pinterest This referent is mentioned several times in the preceding context, and it is clearly the topic of this discourse. 11.05.2013 - This is my first major composite photo. When this NP occurs within the last context sentence, that is, in the sentence immediately preceding the sentence containing the pronoun, we will call it a local competitor. Fraurud, K. 1990. ), NELS 40: Proceedings of the Semantics Workshop on Pronouns. (2003). In D. Bittner & N. Gargarina (eds. In doing so, he pushed him several times.’. However, in these cases definiteness is strongly correlated with givenness. From general topics to more of what you would expect to find here, dropthebrandco.shop has it all. M.      has a       important price won. Table 1 reveals that in the vast majority of sentences, no sentence intervenes between pronoun and antecedent. Sendung vom 29.03.2021 Radieschen, Cocktails und Haare waschen. In this manner, he carried him into the valley.’. The corpus study is presented in Section 3. Ariel, M. 1990. In addition, we found minor differences between the two pronoun types with regard to the definiteness and animacy of the antecedent and with regard to the presence of a local competitor. Ces derniers ont pour but de déterminer l’accessibilité d’un référent (Ariel, 1990), en particulier le «, einen Mann, der ganz wirre Haare hatte, Portail de ressources électroniques en sciences humaines et sociales, 2. Since 2007 we cover startups from the point of their first funding. Sprachwissenschaft 27 (4): 447-491. 5 The middlefield is that part of a German sentence that is demarcated to the left by the finite verb (main clauses)/the complementizer (embedded clauses) and to the right by the clause-final verbs. Cognitive Status and the Form of Referring Expressions in Discourse. In the linguistic literature (Abraham, 2002; Wiemer, 1996; Zifonun et al., 1997), several of the properties discussed above – givenness, syntactic function and linear position – have been considered as candidates for differentiating between p- and d-pronouns. Cela a été fait en particulier en prenant en considération les préférences interprétatives à travers la notion d’ambiguïté référentielle. And in fact, the accuracy was almost perfect for the p-pronoun er (mean: 99.7%; range: 98.1%-100%) but rather low for the d-pronoun der (mean: 8.3%; range: 0%-61.1%). 65We constructed 16 experimental items each consisting of three context sentences, as illustrated by the original experimental item in [12]9. 2015. The possessive pronoun’s antecedent, in contrast, is almost always a subject. Er war schlecht gelaunt. What is most striking is that the two graphs are approximately mirror images of each other. [C -4] They silently dispersed. Miriam: Miriam ist 15 Jahre alt. Sep 13, 2014 - This Pin was discovered by Alice Janssen. A closer inspection revealed a high proportion of examples were the antecedent was either a p-pronoun (n = 12 or 31.6%) or a d-pronoun (n = 7 or 18.4%). In this case, a relative decision rule can be used. 43As explained above, the numeric variable “number of mentions” was converted into a categorical variable “givenness” with the two values “given” (number of mentions > 1) and “new” (number of mentions = 1). 2012. Finalement, nous discutons de facteurs, autres que l’accessibilité, qui affectent le choix du pronom. Grosz, B.J., Joshi, A.K. 3 were here. A single mention means that the antecedent NP was the only referential expression co-referent with the pronoun. Centering: A Framework for Modeling the Local Coherence of Discourse. We know of only two studies that have addressed the choice between p-pronoun and d-pronoun during language production. Table 1. 12.03.2018 - Finden Sie hier die passenden Bob Frisuren für ihr Gesichtstyp! Here, the d-pronoun seems to be used for reasons of emphasis. 54When the competitor can occur anywhere, the large majority of corpus examples contains at least one competitor to the actual antecedent, with no difference between p-pronoun and d-pronoun (χ2 = 0.04, p = 0.9). Because in most cases the reflexive was an inherent reflexive, we do not take the reflexive as the antecedent of the following pronoun but the reflexive’s antecedent, er (“he”) in the example above. A note on coherence relations, http://cogsci.uni-osnabrueck.de/~pbosch/download/TUE_DPro2013-11-16.pdf, http://www.ims.uni-stuttgart.de/forschung/ressourcen/korpora/tiger.html, http://journals.openedition.org/discours/docannexe/image/9188/img-1.jpg, http://journals.openedition.org/discours/docannexe/image/9188/img-2.jpg, http://journals.openedition.org/discours/docannexe/image/9188/img-3.jpg, licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale - Pas de Modification 4.0 International, Publication ethics and malpractice statement, Catalogue des 557 revues, null pronoun > pronoun > demonstrative > full noun phrase, [C -2] Gerade als sich der Schatten eines Baumes mit großen, breiten Blättern verflüchtigte, tauchte aus diesem. Because a logistic regression cannot be computed when one or more cells contain a value of 0% or 100%, we set the mean value in the cell “given antecedent in first position” to 2% by random resampling. Schönmich. In A. Meinunger (ed. Random Effects Structure for Confirmatory Hypothesis Testing: Keep It Maximal. Discover (and save!) In other words, with few exceptions the antecedent occurs in the sentence immediately preceding the sentence containing the pronoun. In contrast to language comprehension, language production requires an absolute notion of accessibility because a choice between p-pronoun and d-pronoun is necessary even when ambiguity is not at issue. Here, the last co-referential NP is the possessive pronoun seine which itself is co-referent with the subject NP Döring8. L’étude du corpus est complétée par une expérience de production qui a demandé aux participants de continuer un passage de texte court avec une phrase qui commence soit avec un « p-pronom », soit avec un « d-pronom ». The antecedent of a d-pronoun, in contrast, is typically a new NP that occurs as non-subject in clause-final position. The corpus data show that the choice between p(ersonal) pronoun and d-pronoun depends on several factors that have been claimed to determine a referent’s accessibility (Ariel, 1990), in particular givenness and syntactic prominence (syntactic function and clausal position). Our vehicles undergo a series of checks and inspections. We then describe how the corpus examples were extracted and prepared for later analysis. Our corpus studies revealed a number of examples where the d-pronoun refers back to a given antecedent, mainly when the antecedent occurred as object in clause-final position. The use of anaphoric expressions in social media communication or chats, for example, is certainly more strongly orientated towards spoken language than the language we find in scientific texts or in newspapers. When the interaction terms were dropped from the random factors, a converging model resulted. ‘A visitor, who had green hair, provoked the security guy. Alice la Douce. 96In sum, in cases where a given clause-final object is the antecedent of the d-pronoun, the antecedent can be a topic or not. Table 4. Number of mentions of the pronoun’s referent in the preceding context for, Figure 2. Percentages (n) of definiteness categories of antecedents depending on pronoun type. The experimental items were supplemented with 32 filler items that – other than the experimental material – also contained non-male and inanimate entities in the third context sentence. The second question addressed in the following experiment thus is how the rate of choosing a d-pronoun differs depending on whether an object in clause-final position is new or given. She is an actress, known for The Last Witch Hunter (2015), The Red Baron (2008) and Before the Fall (2004). Barr, D.J., Levy, R., Scheepers, C. & Tily, H.J. Percentages (n) of chosen pronoun type in the continuations depending on the order of the given and new NP and position (syntactic function) of the antecedent NP. There are two cases where identifying the antecedent is not straightforward. Der Koch schubste einen Bäcker, der am Ende der Schlange stand. This shows that the d-pronoun is not primarily used for purposes of ambiguity avoidance. 60As discussed above, when the last co-referential item of the pronoun is a possessive pronoun, the question arises whether the pronoun’s antecedent is the possessive pronoun itself or the possessive pronoun’s antecedent. Isa Genzken has long been considered one of Germany’s most important and influential contemporary artists. Eine zauberhafte Familie Roman" by Alice Hoffman available from Rakuten Kobo. 74As mentioned in the introduction, coherence relations play a major part in the interpretation of pronouns (see Kehler & Rohde, 2013 for a recent review). Civil District Court (Orleans Parish) General Index of All Successions, 1880 - 1903 With 76.4% non-subject and 23.6% subject antecedents, the object bias for d-pronouns was somewhat weaker than the subject bias for p-pronouns. In order to approximate the original p-pronoun to d-pronoun ratio, we formed a sample consisting of the complete p-pronoun sample and 18 randomly drawn examples from the d-pronoun sample. First of all, a speaker has to make a choice concerning the linguistic form of a referential expression whether there is an ambiguity or not. In the second sentence, a second entity, which was always masculine, was introduced using an indefinite NP. 9A prototypical example for the use of d-pronouns is given in [3]. 95In this example, a suitcase is introduced in context sentence [C -3]. Based on their specific characteristics, they are divided into three categories - Premium, Comfort and Standard - in order to best meet the needs of the customers. Sundair, Airline, Top-Reiseangebote, Mallorca, Gran-Canaria, Kreta, Fuerteventura, Antalya, Kassel, Flughafen Kassel, Urlaub 78In sum, the data presented in this section indicate that the referential form that is chosen for referring to a particular referent in a continuation sentence is not independent of the coherence relation that connects the continuation sentence with the preceding context. Amherst: GLSA Publications: 61-107. 22.11.2019 - 20 wunderschön Frisuren die Sie attraktiv machen für Frauen 2019 2020 | Trend Bob Frisuren 2019 20 wunderschön Frisuren die Sie attraktiv machen für Frauen 2019 2020 | Trend Bob Frisuren 2019 #haare #haarschnitt #haarfarben #frisuren The post 20 wunderschön Frisuren die Sie attraktiv machen für Frauen 2019 2020 | Trend Bob Frisuren 2019 appeared first on Silvana Blog. 22During language production, however, a choice between p- and d-pronoun is necessary whether a competing antecedent is available or not. All other factors were significant much less often, with “givenness” and “position” still being significant in a substantial number of times. It is therefore necessary to assume that participants compute a particular information structure for the context sentences by default. Alternatively, they have been claimed to be a variant of the personal pronoun (for further discussion, see Ahrenholz, 2007) or definite determiner phrases with an empty NP (Wiltschko, 1998). As information structure and linear position are confounded, the preferred interpretation of the d-pronoun could as well be stated in linear terms – the d-pronoun preferentially refers to the clause-final NP. Although this rule does not in general prevent writers to use d-pronouns for referring to humans, some effect cannot be excluded. Create an account or log in to Instagram - A simple, fun & creative way to capture, edit & share photos, videos & messages with friends & family. For the p-pronoun, the two most frequent definiteness categories are pronoun and definite NP, closely followed by proper name. London – New York: Routledge. The results of this section therefore suggest that the choice between p- and d-pronoun is a matter of the actual discourse status and the syntactic properties of the antecedent, not of the formal realization in terms of definiteness. 81Given that the accessibility value ranges from 0 to 3, the simplest decision criterion is one that predicts the use of the p-pronoun er when accessibility is high (2 or 3) and the use of the d-pronoun der when accessibility is low (0 or 1). Accessoires et alimentation pour animaux, blog animaux Le caramel est recommandé pour les filles avec un teint.. In Proceedings of the 2003 EACL Workshop on the Computational Treatment of Anaphora. Both corpus studies thus find that the subject bias for p-pronouns is stronger than the object bias for d-pronouns. Table 12. Capturing emphasis in a corpus study is very difficult, if possible at all. The characteristics of an antecedent being an object in sentence-final position makes it more likely to be taken up again as a d-pronoun. This is the prototypical context for the use of a d-pronoun, and p-pronouns are therefore least expected. The determiner of a new NP was an indefinite article whereas the determiner of a given NP was a definite article. Verweise mit Demonstrativa im gesprochenen Deutsch: Grammatik, Zweitspracherwerb und Deutsch als Fremdsprache. 6Of special interest for the notion of accessibility are referential expressions that differ in form but not in lexical content. 20 nov. 2019 - La Team Sauvage a dégote rien que pour vous 10 idées de coiffures pour cheveux courts et mi-longs qui vont vous inspirer, sans aucun doute ! Bosch, P., Katz, G. & Umbach, C. 2007. 91The question thus is whether the antecedent in these cases was not only given but also a topic. Theoretical Linguistics 39 (1-2): 1-37. For the p-pronoun, we find a similar number of elaborations and results on the one hand and also a similar distribution of explanations and narrations on the other hand. The same seems to hold in the examples where the antecedent of a d-pronoun is itself a d-pronoun, as in [19]. In this case, the NP under consideration is not only an aboutness topic but a discourse topic too. Proper names and definite NPs are in between, with a slight preference for given antecedents for proper names and a moderate preference for new antecedents for definite NPs. The two reasons for the observed difference between p- and d-pronouns with regard to animacy do of course not exclude each other. 50For proper name antecedents, we see a distribution that is close to the distribution found in the whole corpus (see Table 2). Berlin: Zentrum für Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft (ZAS): 49-71. When hearing the d-pronoun der, in contrast, a preference for the clause-final referent was observed. NP1/Subj. 38The following properties of the antecedent were coded partly by hand, partly automatically in order to uncover the factors that govern the choice between p- and d-pronoun. In the first one, a reflexive pronoun is the last co-referential element, as in [8]. Watson has been ranked among the world's highest-paid actresses by Forbes and Vanity Fair, and was named one of the 100 most influential people in the world by Time magazine in 2015.